Byzantine Icon & Panel Gilding Tradition
拜占庭圣像与板面鎏金传统
标签：拜占庭, 圣像, 贴金, 红土赭, 圣光晕
拜占庭传统（6–15 世纪）在木板圣像上敷亚麻油底料与白垩石膏底，再以红土赭（bolus）混明胶贴金箔，圣光晕（halo）常加凿纹压花强化反光；金属圣像外框则用火法鎏金铜板包镶。贴金与火鎏金两条线并行，构成"金底 + 彩绘"的程式，深刻影响俄国圣像与意大利锡耶纳画派。其红土打底法沿用至今，成为贴金修复的标准工序，明胶浓度按季节以 6–10% 水溶液调整。
Byzantine practice (6th–15th c.) laid gesso-oil grounds on wood icons, applied gold leaf over red bolus mixed with gelatin, and tooled halos for specular light; metal icon revetments used fire-gilded copper plates. Leaf and fire gilding ran in parallel, fixing the "gold ground + paint" canon that shaped Russian icons and Sienese painting. The bolus ground survives as the standard leaf-gilding protocol, with gelatin adjusted seasonally at 6–10% aqueous strength. ---