Archaeometallurgy: Striking Marks on Ancient Coins
冶金考古：古钱币与铜印的击压痕迹
标签：冶金考古, 古钱币, 击压, 钱范, 工艺痕迹
钱币是最早的"击压成形"应用：战国刀币、布币为范铸，汉代起叠铸，罗马则长期用热坯锤击打制币。痕迹鉴别：①打制币边缘有热锻飞边剪裁痕，正反面图案错位 1–3 mm；②范铸币可见合范错缝与浇口残根；③19 世纪后的机制币有边齿与模圈压边光边。中国钱币学会的研究还利用币面流铜与缩水纹反推浇铸温度与范温。现代仿品多以机压复刻，但边部加工痕迹与真品差异明显，这些痕迹组合是辨伪与断代的核心证据。
Coins are striking's oldest application: Warring-States knife and spade money were cast in moulds, Han China moved to stacked casting, while Rome hammered hot blanks for centuries. Reading the marks: (1) hammered coins keep trimmed flash and 1–3 mm obverse-reverse misalignment; (2) cast coins show mould seams and gate stubs; (3) milled coins after the 19th century carry reeded or plain pressed edges. Chinese numismatic societies read excess metal and shrinkage patterns back into pour and mould temperatures. Modern machine-struck fakes differ sharply at the edges — these mark sets are the core of authentication.