Archaeometallurgy: Microstructural Evidence of Ancient Vessel Sinking
冶金考古：古代铜碗沉膛工艺的显微证据
标签：冶金考古, 金相, 铜碗, 下凹
对青铜时代至罗马行省出土铜碗的金相与硬度测绘显示：从器底到口沿存在规则的加工硬化梯度——底部 HB 110–130、口沿 HB 70–90，证明先沉膛后收边、中途回火的工序顺序；晶粒从底部拉长到口沿等轴的过渡带位置，可反推每次退火时的大致壁厚与减薄量。这类"可读的锤序"已成鉴别手段：手工下凹件呈各向异性的晶粒分布，而现代旋压仿品为均匀细晶叠加螺旋纹，二者在显微尺度一目了然。
Metallography and hardness mapping on Bronze Age to Roman-province bowls show a regular work-hardening gradient from base to rim—HB 110–130 at the base against HB 70–90 at the rim—confirming sinking first, rimming later, with intermediate anneals. The position of the transition from elongated base grains to equiaxed rim grains even reconstructs the wall thickness at each anneal and the reduction per stage. This readable hammer sequence now aids authentication: hand-sunk pieces are anisotropic in grain structure, while modern spun copies show uniform fine grains with spiral tooling—obvious at micro scale.