Archaeometallurgy: Reading Hammer Marks on Ancient Copper
冶金考古：捶揲铜器的工艺痕迹鉴别
标签：冶金考古, 捶揲, 工艺痕迹, 金相
鉴别商周至汉唐捶揲铜器（尊、匜、金铜佛像坯体）的痕迹组合：①壁厚呈 0.2–0.5 mm 波浪起伏且无螺旋旋纹——锤揲而非车旋；②内壁密集交叉锤窝，外壁相应延展凸起；③金相组织可见拉长晶粒与退火孪晶交替，每轮"锤揲-退火"留下一层痕迹带；④X 光片上的补缀铆钉与补片记录古代修补。中国社科院考古所对唐代铜器的研究表明，0.5 mm 级薄壁壶体须经 20 轮以上退火-锤揲循环，据此复原可验证器物真伪与断代。
Reading hammered ancient copper (Zhou–Tang vessels, Buddhist statuary cores): (1) wall thickness waves 0.2–0.5 mm with no spiral turn marks — sinked, not spun; (2) dense crossed hammer dents inside, matching elongated bulges outside; (3) metallography alternates elongated grains with annealing twins, one band per raise-anneal cycle; (4) X-radiography reveals ancient rivets and patches. CASS research on Tang copper shows a 0.5 mm-wall vessel took 20+ anneal-hammer cycles — reproducing that cycle is how authenticity and dating are tested.